فصلنامه مطالعات روابط بین الملل
پیاپی 24 (زمستان 1392)

Prime Minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill said in 1939 that "I cannot forecast to you the action of Russia. It is a riddle, wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma". Some of the Iranian political elites consider Russia as an un-reliable ally for Iran whichlargelyoverlapsthatofChurchillspokeinPersian culture. Since the dissolu7on of Soviet Union in 1990s and the rise of Russia, Moscow has been experiencing three foreign policy orientations: “cooperative approach to the West”, “integrated approach to the West” and “look east policy”. Indeed, NATO’s military intervention in the formerYugoslav and ignoring the interests of Russia lead this country with a new compe77on in its foreign policy against the Western countries in 1999. This article deals with the Russian foreign policy outlooks to win the West’s legitimization as the second great power in the world. Western Countries particularly united States are not interested in recognizing Russia as the world’s second great power.

The concept of "humanitarian intervention" indicates superiority of the progressive principle of "justice" on the countries classical sovereignty. According to this concept, in the event of grave human rights crimes by tyrannical states, their sovereignty is undermined, and under the circumstances, interference in their internal affairs applied. Accordingly, the occurrence of widespread human rights crimes during the Cold War in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, Somalia and etc., humanitarian interventions put in its agenda to prevention of genocide, torture and rape of human rights and. In this regard, various theorists of international relations theoretical were effort to understand the emergence of these interventions. Theorists using different theories such as realism, constructivism, liberalism, and have tried to explain the concept of this phenomenon. In this regard, the present paper Tries to analyzes the humanitarian intervention and it promotion to "responsibility to protect" in the context of pluralism and solidarism English School and trends of solidarism and pluralism English School.

Tajikistan being among the emerging countries of Central Asia, is one of the most important countries that due to historical, cultural and linguistic similarities after independence has been taken into consideration by Iran. With The beginning of the bilateral relations, on one hand, Tajikistan has faced With civil war crises and economic and political problems and on the other hand,western media tried to make negative propaganda against Iran and Central Asian countries in general and particularly Tajikistan and also Russiaconcerned aboutIran's presencefearcan developed.However, by introducing a behavioral evolution and its cultural and political positioning –in addition to suggestion for creating peace and solution of Tajikistan’s civil war –Iran considered economic relations according to the capacities of that country as a priority; the action has led to the resultants such as removal of ambiguity in Iranian political behavior and neutralization of competitors ‘campaigns and modeling of religious state relationships with secular governments. The authorhas triedtoanalyzeeconomic interactions between two countries in this article.

After two decades of the Cold War between Russia and America, we can see also the rigorous arena of competition between the two powers over various issues which has rooted from competing view in the cold war that is not at the interaction and cooperation but also conflict idea to look at the issues surroundingand how to manage international politics. With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, America launched the world's lone Greyhound and showed itself as the only power in the world to impose on other nations. Russia because of its nuclear power, its huge human capital, its skills in cyber technology, its proximity to Europe and potential alliance with China, as well as the resources at hand will be against the power of defiance to America. While issues such as the Syria issue and Iran's nuclear case, the "Magnytsky" and the "Dymayakvlvf" and Snowden case in recent years made challenges in relations between Russia and America and faced them in a critical point. These events increased differences between the two countries in broader aspects. Differences in the persistence of Cold War mistrust and rivalry between the two countries will rise. Russian officials in response to America's missile defense shield in Eastern Europe,the suspension of Russian membership in CFP, English diplomats expelled from Britain in retaliation, With America's competitiveness over the Arctic and start transcontinental Russian aircraft fleet, Show all new Russian policy toward global developments. Some explain these developments both inside and outside as a New Cold Warand of course, others disagree with this thinking. Some of these measures are a response to America's efforts to make the fundamental changes in the strategic balance between America and Russia. But whether the public relations can work toward a new arms raceand Strategic confrontation of the Cold War bring? Due to theabsence ofconflictingideology, RussiaandAmerica, an eraof competition andcooperation invarious fieldswill experienceacrisis 2 Email: mohebbinia@yahoo.com inUkraineis oneof them.With the onset ofthe crisisin Ukraine(March 2014) andoutofgovernmentcontrol andthe rule ofthe Crimean Peninsulabags,witnessinga new round ofpoliticalconflictbetween theWest, led by AmericaandRussiaare. According to the head of a MoscowWashington rivalry opening on such topics of missile shield plan, Libya, Syria, etc., some believe that the crisis in Ukraine should be divided as Berlin after World War II and the cold war as the vanguard of the new. In such a situation a global paradigm shift in control system and Russia play a major role in the formation of new international relations undertaken so that this article is trying to make Russia policy in conformity with the United States in the fields of policy reviews.

Most of the Middle Eastern nations have been deprived from some advantages of economic, political and social culture for a long period. Political structures of their states for many years have been based on monarchical system with tribal and religious affiliations. So, the Middle Eastern leaders are using these elements as important tools to manage their countries and for the survival of their political systems. But such political system only benefits a specific group in society and cannot encompass the entire community. Due to the said exclusions and with the development of technology and exchange of information on the relative economic, political and cultural rights of other communities, the Middle Eastern government have been faced with a lot of people’s demands. The Middle Eastern nations are demanding for -fundamental changes in their political, social and economic. Lack of proper response to these demands, have been leading to protest and unrest in the region over the past few years. The Syrian protest and turmoil has taken much longer time than other crisis in the Middle East region. The reasons for the continuation of the Syrian crises can be found in the strength and resistance of the Syria’s authoritarian regime and the support of the regional and cross-regional powers to the Syrian government and its oppositions. Interferences of foreign powers on Syrian crisis are due to strategically importance and geographical location of Syrian state which encompasses the interests and influence of each regional and cross-regional power.